
HF 1632 (amended per author Rep. Dan Severson)
Pursuant to Article Six Section Nine of the Minnesota Constitution, which states in part, “The legislature may also provide for the retirement, removal or other discipline of any judge who is disabled, incompetent or guilty of conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice”, it is hereby enacted….
Section 1. Definitions. As used in this act, the words and terms listed below mean:
Subdivision 1. “Appellate Court Judge” means a justice of the Supreme Court of Minnesota or a judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals.
Subd. 2. “District Court Judge” means a judge of a Minnesota district court.
Subd. 3. “Irresponsible Act” means a decision, order, or act of a judge
or judicial official defined as including but nit limited to: using the
influence of said office for personal gain or injury, under the color
of law, of any person that appears in any proceeding.
Subd. 4. “Board of Judicial Standards” means the commission established
by Section 2, Subdivision 1 of this chapter.
Subd. 5. “Judge” means a justice or judge of the Supreme Court of
Minnesota, the Minnesota Court of Appeals, or a Minnesota district
court.
Subd. 6. “Judicial Official” means a referee, commissioner, master, or
employee whose duties include making decisions in conciliation court,
child support, or other court proceedings, preparing and submitting
reports, evaluations or recommendations to judges, and persons who
prepare and submit a report, evaluation or recommendation to a judge
pursuant to an order, directive, or request of a judge. “Judicial
Official” includes child protection workers, court services personnel,
and guardians ad litem.
Subd. 7. “Oversight Board” means the Minnesota Judicial Oversight Board
established by Section 3, Subdivision 1 of this chapter.
Section 2. Board of Judicial Standards; establishment; composition.
Subdivision 1. Establishment. The Minnesota Board on Judicial Standards
is established pursuant to Article Six Section Nine of the Minnesota
constitution.
Subd. 2. Board of Judicial Standards; composition; appointment. The
Board on Judicial Standards consists of seven commissioners.
Four members are appointed by:
The Majority Leader of the House of Representatives
The Minority Leader of the House of Representatives
The Majority Leader of the Senate
The Minority Leader of the Senate
Three members are selected by application as follows:
A person who is a resident and citizen of the state and nation may
apply to the secretary of state to be a citizen member of the board.
The secretary of state must conduct a random selection of three members
of the Board from qualified citizen applicants.
Subd. 3. Board of Judicial Standards; names of Seats. The seven seats
of the Board on Judicial Standards are:
The Majority Leader of the House of Seat
The Minority Leader of the House Seat
The Majority Leader of the Senate Seat
The Minority Leader of the Senate Seat
Citizen Applicant Seats
Subd. 4 Board of Judicial Standards; appointment of successors.
Successors to the initial commissioners will be appointed by the
official designated in the name of the seat, and in the manner
established for the Citizen Applicant Seats.
Subd. 5. Board of Judicial Standards; commissioners; eligibility;
restrictions. A Commissioner may not hold any other public office while
serving as a Commissioner and may not be employed by any entity
supervised or managed by the Judicial Commission. The following
individuals are not eligible to become a commissioner:
An attorney who is engaged in the practice of law
A current federal, state or local government employee
A current public official who was elected to office
A current judge or judicial official
A retired judge that has served in any judicial or advisory capacity
within the previous year.
Subd. 6. Board of Judicial Standards; chair. The commission will elect
its chair. A commissioner shall not serve as chair of the commission
for more than four years.
Subd. 7. Board of Judicial Standards; terms of commissioners. The
initial terms of Commissioners of the Minnesota Board on Judicial
Standards are:
Four (4) years - Commissioners appointed by Majority Leader of the
Senate, the Minority Leader of the Senate
Three (3) years - Commissioners appointed by the Majority Leader of the
House, the Minority Leader of the House
Two (2) years - Citizen Applicant Commissioners.
The term of Commissioners appointed or selected after the initial
commissioners is four years. No person shall occupy the office of
Commissioner for more than eight years.
Subd. 8. Board of Judicial Standards; compensation. The compensation of
commissioners and its employees shall be recommended by the Minnesota
Compensation Council and set by vote of the Legislature in the same
manner as for public officials whose compensation is established by the
legislature.
Subd. 9. Board of Judicial Standards; structure.
(a) The organizational structure of the Board on Judicial Standards is:
Administrator’s Office
Judicial Oversight Board
Subd. 10. Board of Judicial Standards; duties. The Board on Judicial
Standards shall supervise and manage the entities named in Subdivision
9(a) of this section. The Board on Judicial Standards shall promulgate
policies, procedures and rules for each of the entities it supervises
and manages.
Subd. 11. Board of Judicial Standards; appeals from Oversight Board.
The Board on Judicial Standards will hear and decide appeals from
decisions of the Oversight Board. Decisions of the Board on Judicial
Standards on appeals of the Oversight Board are final. Such decisions
are not within the jurisdiction of or reviewable by the Supreme Court
of Minnesota or any other Minnesota court. However, an appeal of any
decision of the Board on Judicial Standards is appealable to the
appropriate judiciary committee at the Minnesota Senate, and said
committee must allow a hearing if appeal is demanded. If said committee
determines the appeal has merit, the full Senate will vote to either
affirm or reverse the decision of the Judicial Commission.
Subd. 12. Board of Judicial Standards; operations. The Board on
Judicial Standards shall employ an administrator for itself and each of
the entities it manages, and shall prepare a plan of operation and
budget for approval by the Legislature. The Commission may hire
attorneys, managers, support staff, and others as authorized by law.
The Commission may expend funds as authorized by law. The Commission
shall appoint persons to as members of the Judicial Oversight Board.
Section 3. Oversight Board; establishment.
Subdivision 1. Oversight Board; establishment; The Minnesota Judicial
Oversight Board is established as an entity of the Minnesota Board on
Judicial Standards.
Subd. 2. Oversight Board; structure. The organizational structure of
Oversight Board is:
Administrator Division
Complaint Screening Division
Investigation and Prosecution Division
Subd. 3. Oversight Board; management and staff. The administrator,
managers, attorneys, any other personnel or officials and support staff
of the Oversight Board will be selected and appointed by the Judicial
Commission. Persons that are active or practicing judges or lawyers are
specifically excluded from serving on the Oversight Board. Membership
terminates if a member ceases to hold the position that qualified the
member for appointment. Oversight Board members that have appeared
before a judge that is being investigated by the Board must recuse
him/herself from said investigation and or evaluation.
Subd. 4. Oversight Board; duties; jurisdiction; powers, The Oversight
Board shall provide oversight of judges and judicial officers of
Minnesota’s judicial branch of government with the authority as
specified herein to sanction any judge or judicial official found after
hearing or by stipulation to be guilty of an act of incompetence or an
act prejudicial to the administration of justice within the meaning of
Minnesota’s Constitution, Article VI, Section 9. The Board is empowered
to censure, warn or remove a judge for an action or inaction that may
constitute persistent failure to perform the judge's duties, violations
of the Minnesota and/or federal Constitutions, violations of Minnesota
Statutes, incompetence in performing the judge's duties, habitual
intemperance, or conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice
that brings the judicial office into disrepute.
(b) The Board shall review all complaints made by the Citizens
concerning judicial misconduct. The complaints made by the Citizens
must state in clear and concise language the facts and events that
support the complaint.
(c) The Board may require from the complainant certified court records
and transcripts. If the Board finds the complaint is sufficient to
remove the judge, the judge will reimburse the Citizen the costs of the
certified court records and transcripts.
(d) If it is proven by the evidence in the complaint and the
determination of the Board that the Citizen or counsel for the Citizen
made a public record in the court noticing the judge that the judge was
violating the Constitutions or the statutes, and the Board finds that
the judge did said violation, the Board will permanently remove the
judge from office.
(e) If the Citizen or counsel for the Citizen failed to make a public
record in the court noticing the judge that the judge was violating the
constitutions or the statutes, the Board is authorized only to issue a
warning to the judge. After three warnings from the Board to a single
judge, said judge is automatically removed from office.
(f) The state government, political subdivisions and corporations do
not have the same rights as Citizens. The remedies available for these
entities are in the appellate courts.
(g) The Board will respond to all complaints made by the Citizens. Upon
making a complaint to the Board, the time limits for making an appeal
in the courts is suspended until the Board makes a decision on the
complaint.
(h) Upon receipt of a complaint, the Board will, within 3 working days,
notice the judge of the complaint and include a complete copy of the
complaint. The judge may respond to the complaint and submit any
evidence and argument, within 20 days of receiving notice of the
complaint.
(i) The Board will make an initial response to the complainant within
two weeks of the Board receiving the complaint, and at said time will
inform the complainant what, if any evidence is necessary for the Board
to review the complaint. If further evidence is necessary, such as
certified court records and transcripts, the complainant will have 30
days from the response of the Board to produce the necessary evidence.
(j) The Board, upon receiving the additional evidence required of the
complainant, will respond to the complaint within 45 days.
(k) The complainant, if needing transcripts, will bring the response
letter from the Board to the court reporter for the judge. The court
reporter will produce the necessary transcripts within 10 days, at no
cost to the complainant. If the court reporter fails to produce the
transcript(s) within 10 days, the court reporter will be suspended from
employment, without pay until such time that the requested transcript
(s) are given to the complainant. In this event, the Board will grant
an extension of time for the complainant, until the transcript(s) are
produced by the court reporter.
(l) If the original complaint is sufficient when submitted to the
Board, within 2 weeks of receipt of the complaint, the Board will send
a response letter to the complainant stating that the complaint is
sufficient. The Board will then make a final determination of the
complaint within 45 days of sending the response letter to the
complainant.
(m) The Office of the Attorney General will respond to any questions
set forth by the Board, within 10 days of receiving said question(s).
(n) The Board has the authority to immediately remove a judge if it
determines the judge violated constitutional or statutorial law, and if
the Citizen or counsel for the Citizen made a record in the court of
said violation(s). In this event, the decision of the Board will be
binding and the ruling(s) made by the judge will have no effect of law.
(o) In the event the Citizen or counsel for the Citizen failed to make
a record in the court of constitutional or statutorial violations, and
in all other complaints that refer to misconduct that did not violate
constitutional or statutorial violations, the Board is authorized only
to issue a warning to the judge. In all cases whereby the Board has
issued a warning to a judge, the Citizen reserves the right to appeal
the decision of the judge. In these cases, the warning issued by the
Board stands as notice to the appellate court(s) that the Citizens have
determined a constitutional or statutorial violation occurred in the
lower court. When the Board has made such determination, the Board’s
decision may be included in the Citizen’s appeal and the appellate
court must remedy the Citizen with reversal, instructions and remand,
when the Board’s determination has been violations of constitutional or
statutorial law. If the Citizen demands that the case be remanded to a
different judge, the clerk of courts will assign another judge.
(p) Any judge removed by the Board has the right to appeal the decision
of the Board to the Judicial Commission. And decision by the Board on
Judicial Standards is appealable to the Minnesota Senate as provided by
Section 2 Subd.11. During the appeal, the judge will be suspended with
pay.
(q) All records concerning the Board are deemed public record. Once a
year, the Board will give all records to the legislative branch. Said
branch will then publish the complaints, response of the judges and
decisions of the Board, including posting said information on the state
website.
(r) A judge removed by the Board is ineligible for any future service
in a judicial office.
(s) Any judge removed by the Board is ineligible to receive any state
funded pension.
Section 4. Judicial conduct; performance standards; violations,
sanctions.
Subdivision 1. Judicial Conduct; judicial performance standards. A
judge shall comply with the Judicial Performance Standards established
by statute. The Judicial Performance Standards consist of Judicial
Performance Obligations and Judicial Performance Prohibitions.
Subd. 2. Judicial conduct; performance obligations. A judge or judicial
officer shall:
(a) Make all decisions, orders, rulings, reports and recommendations in
strict compliance with the United States Constitution and the
Constitution of Minnesota.
(b) Make all decisions, orders, rulings, reports and recommendations in
strict compliance with the statutes of Minnesota, unless a statute has
been challenged as unconstitutional.
(c) Faithfully comply with and enforce the Minnesota Rules of Court,
except at those times that the Court Rules conflict with statutes, and
at that time the statutes supercede the Court Rules.
(d) Grant all hearings on motions.
(e) Answer all oral and written arguments in writing with findings if
fact and conclusions of law.
(f) Upon evidence of probable cause of perjury, shall issue an arrest
warrant.
(g) Upon written or oral challenge to the jurisdiction of the court,
suspend all
matters, hear arguments from both sides and issue written findings of
fact and conclusions of law on the jurisdictional challenge before
proceeding.
Subd. 3. Judicial conduct; Judicial performance prohibitions. A judge
shall not:
(a) Violate the performance obligations of subdivision 2 of this
section.
(b) Violate the prohibitions of this subdivision 3.
(c) Punish or penalize any person that publicly or otherwise criticizes
a judge, judges, a court, courts, judicial officer, the Minnesota
judicial system, or any other court or judicial system.
(d) Retaliate against any lawyer, legislator, or other person because
said person exposed or reported corruption, a crime, or an illegal act,
or criticized a judge, court, or the judicial system, or acted to
change the legal system, or filed a complaint against a judge or
judicial official except that a judge or judicial official may bring a
suit against a person for libel or slander.
(e) Alter or order alteration or allow alteration or suppression of or
deletion from any transcript of testimony in a district court or
appellate court proceeding.
(f) Except as provided in Subd.3(g) below, sentence any person to jail
or confinement in a civil proceeding prior to a trial to a jury. The
option of a jury trial must be specifically offered to the person and
the person must make a decision upon the record. Additionally, said
trial by jury will be held before a different judge than the judge
presiding in the original civil case
(g) Notwithstanding Subd.3(f) above, a judge may immediately place a
person in protective confinement if there is probable cause upon the
record that the person is a danger to himself or others. Said
confinement shall not exceed 72 hours unless clear and convincing
evidence, including a medical examine conducted within 24 hours of
confinement, by a licensed physician of the choice of the person, is
upon the record, that the person is a danger to himself or others. If
the physician chosen by the person is unavailable to examine the
person, the person shall choose an alternate, until a physician is
engaged to complete the exam. If the person is unable or unwilling to
choose a physician for the exam, the family members of the person will
chose the physician. If the family members are unwilling or unable to
choose a physician, then the state authority will choose the physician.
If the medical exam is not conducted within 48 hours, the person will
be released. If the person is confined for over 72 hours, said person
shall be afforded the option of a jury trial as afforded by Subd.3(f),
and the matter will be set on the court calendar for expedited trial.
If the person is indigent, the person qualifies for a public defender
to represent his or her interests in all proceedings.
(h) Subdivision Subd.3(f) and Subd.3(g) does not apply to criminal
proceedings.
Subd. 4. Judicial Conduct; violations. A violation of the judicial
performance obligations enumerated in Subdivision 1 of this section or
the prohibitions enumerated in subdivision 3 of this section is conduct
that is incompetent or prejudicial to the administration of justice
within the meaning of Minnesota’s Constitution Article VI, Section 9. A
violation of these obligations or prohibitions by a judge or judicial
official of the Minnesota Judicial Branch of Government is sanctionable
to the extent specified in Subdivision 5 of this section. Sanctions may
be assessed by the Oversight Board after a hearing before the Oversight
Board panel or by stipulation subject to an appeal to the Judicial
Commission. Any finding decision, order or action of the Judicial
Oversight Board appealed to the Minnesota Board on Judicial Standards
may be heard by a three-member panel of that entity or en banc as
determined by the Commission.
Subd. 5. Judicial Conduct; sanctions; relief for complainant. The
Oversight Board shall assess the following sanctions or order for
relief subject to an appeal to the Judicial Commission:
(a) A public reprimand
(b) Suspension without pay or compensation for up to one year
(c) A civil fine of up to five thousand dollars
(d) Removal from office
(e) An order for redress to the chief judge of a judicial district that
(1) a judgment, decision, or order issued in that district shall be
reconsidered de novo notwithstanding any statute of limitations or time
limit for an appeal, and (2) reconsideration shall be by a judge other
than the judge who issued the judgment, decision or order considered by
the Oversight Board.
(f) Referral to a special state Grand Jury that will be convened for
the purpose of
reviewing the report of the Board. The Minnesota Attorney General will
present the evidence of the report to the Grand Jury.
Up to three sanctions can be assessed for each offense found by the
Judicial Oversight Board.
Section 5. Complaints Against Judges and Judicial Officials;
processing.
Subd. 1. Complaints; submission, time limits. Any person may submit a
complaint to the Oversight Board concerning any decision, order, ruling
or act of a judge, or any recommendation, report, analysis, or other
document submitted in writing by a judicial official to a judge, or any
action of a judge or judicial official or the conduct of a judge or
judicial official. The complaint must be in writing and sent by mail to
the Oversight Board. A complaint must be brought within one year after
the date of the act complained of except that the period of time for
bring a complaint is extended by (a) the period of time the complainant
was incarcerated because of the act complained of, or (b) the period of
time the complainant was a minor after the act complained of, or (c)
the complaint asserts violations of rights secured under the
Constitutions, or (d) circumstances that the Oversight Board determines
justify consideration of the complaint.
Subd. 2. Complaints; acknowledgment of receipt. The Oversight Board
will acknowledge receipt of every complaint against a judge or judicial
official but will not provide any comment on any complaint to the
person who submitted the complaint or anyone else until and if a
hearing panel rules that the judge or judicial official who is the
subject of the complaint is guilty of a violation of the judicial
performance standards enumerated in subdivisions 1 and 3 of section 4
of this chapter.
Subd. 3. Complaints; initial evaluation. Each complaint received by the
Oversight Board will be referred to the Complaint Screening Division
for initial evaluation. The Complaint Screening Division will determine
whether or not the complaint has a reasonable basis. If the Complaint
Screening Division determines that a complaint has or may have a
reasonable basis, it will refer the complaint to the Investigation and
Prosecution Division. If the Complaint Screening Division determines
that a complaint lacks a reasonable basis, it will without any comment
so inform the person who submitted the complaint and the judge or
judicial official who is the subject of the complaint that the
complaint was found to lack merit. The Complaint Screening Division
will not provide any information about the complaint to anyone else.
The Complainant may appeal that finding that a complaint lacks merit to
the Board on Judicial Standards.
Subd. 4. Complaints; request for documentation and information. The
Complaint Screening Division may ask the person who submitted the
complaint for documentation and information concerning a complaint. The
Complaint Screening Division may ask the judge or judicial official who
is the subject of the complaint for such information or documentation
as the Complaint Screening Division deems relevant. The documentation
and information obtained by the Complaint Screening Division will be
provided to the Complaint Investigation and Prosecution Division if the
Complaint Screening Division determines that the complaint has or may
have a reasonable basis. All information and documentation received by
the Complaint Screening Division shall be confidential and shall not be
disclosed to anyone except as specifically provided in this
subdivision.
Subd. 5. Complaints; investigation and prosecution. The Investigation
and Prosecution Division will investigate each complaint referred to it
by the Complaint Screening Division. In conducting this investigation,
the Investigation and Prosecution Division is authorized to serve
interrogatories, requests for production of documents, requests for
admissions and other discovery on the person who submitted the
complaint and the judge or judicial official who is the subject of the
complaint, take the deposition of anyone who may have information or
documents relevant to the complaint, and may subpoena documents from
anyone. If the Investigation and Prosecution Division determines that
the judge or judicial official who is the subject of the complaint has
violated one or more of the Judicial Performance Obligations enumerated
is Subdivision 1 of Section 4 of this chapter, or prohibitions
enumerated in subdivision 3 of Section 4 of this chapter, or has
committed an irresponsible act, it shall prepare a Judicial Indictment
that states the allegations of such violation or violations. If the
Investigation and Prosecution Division prepares a Judicial Indictment,
it shall inform the Board on Judicial Standards that a judge or
judicial official has been charged with a violation of the Judicial
Performance Obligations or prohibitions, or charged with committing an
irresponsible act, whichever is the case, but will not disclose the
name of the judge or judicial official charged or provide a copy of the
Judicial Indictment to the commission or to anyone else until after the
Board on Judicial Standards appoints a person or panel to conduct a
trial as provided next.
Subd. 6. Complaints; hearing. The Board on Judicial Standards will
appoint a panel of three individuals to an oversight panel and to
conduct a hearing of a judge or judicial official who has been charged
by the Investigation and Prosecution Division with a violation of the
Judicial Performance Obligations or Prohibitions. The Board on Judicial
Standards will appoint one individual to be chair of an oversight
hearing and conduct hearing of a judge or judicial official who has
been charged with committing an irresponsible act. The rules applicable
to hearing shall be determined and published by the Judicial
Commission. The oversight panel will decide if the judge or judicial
official who is the subject of the hearing is or is not guilty of the
charges alleged in the Judicial Indictment and issue written findings
of fact and judgment. The decision of the oversight panel may be
appealed to the Judicial Commission.
Subd. 7. Complaints; assessment of sanctions, If a judge or judicial
official is found to be guilty of a violation of the Judicial
Performance Obligations or Prohibitions, the panel that made the
judgment shall assess sanctions as authorized in this chapter as they
determine appropriate. An assessment of sanctions may be appealed to
the Judicial Commission. If a judge or judicial official is found to
have committed an irresponsible act, the panel that made the judgment
shall order that a description of the irresponsible act shall be
published.
Subd. 8. Complaints; negotiated settlement. The Investigation and
Prosecution Division is authorized to negotiate resolution of charges
set forth in a Judicial Indictment and agree on the sanctions that will
be assessed against the judge or judicial official who is the subject
of the complaint. If a negotiated resolution of charges and sanctions
is agreed on, it shall be set forth in a stipulated judgment signed by
the judge or judicial official it concerns and by a representative of
the Investigation and Prosecution Division and filed with the Judicial
Commission. A copy of the stipulated judgment will be published..
Subd. 9. Complaints; representation. Neither the Attorney General of
the State of Minnesota nor any other state or governmental entity will
provide representation of or funds for defense of any judge or judicial
official who has been charged with a violation of the Judicial
Performance Obligations or an irresponsible act, except that a judge or
judicial official may be represented by a public defender if he meets
the qualifications of in forma pauperis. If a judge or judicial
official is found not guilty of any violation of the Judicial
Performance Obligations or of any irresponsible act, the state will
reimburse the judge or judicial official for reasonable attorney fees
and costs of his defense.
Section 6. Rule of Judicial Immunity
Subdivision 1. Judicial Immunity abrogated. The rule of judicial
immunity and any statute that grants any immunity to a judge or
judicial official are inapplicable and are repealed.
Section 7. Judge pay cutoff.
Subdivision 1. Disbursing officers; funds release. Disbursing officers
are not authorized to release funds for payment to judges whose pay has
been suspended by decision of the Judge Oversight Board.
Subd. 2. Disbursing officers; failure to withhold. A disbursing officer
is personally liable for any funds paid or released to any judge, or
any entity that pays a judge, if the judge refuses to submit to the
jurisdiction and comply with the decisions and actions of the Judge
Oversight Board.
Repealer:
M.S. Sec. 490A.01
M.S. Sec. 490A.02
M.S. Sec. 480.056
M.S. Sec. 480.59 sub 7
M.S. Sec. 645.17(4) and
M.S. sec. 480.0591 sub 6
are hereby repealed